Ship:Gunnery and Aiming

Aiming in World of Warships is an essential part of gameplay. As one will notice during their first matches there are numerous things that need to be considered, as shells require time to travel from the gun barrel to their point of impact and that often the shell will not land where one aimed.

Leading a target

As most targets will be moving when being fired at and due to the time required for the shell to travel, the player has to aim at a point in which ideally both the target and the shell will arrive at the same time to score a hit. This required knowledge on two pieces of information: How long does the shell travel and how fast is the target going?

Shell travel time

The time required for a shell to travel can be seen beneath the crosshair. When clicking the Alt-key three values will appear beneath the horizontal line of the scope. The value to the left will describe the flight needed by the currently loaded shell after being fired before it impacts at the aiming point. As those values only appear when clicking the Alt-key it is recommended to activate the Full Alternative Battle Interface in the settings as visualized, which will result in the additional information being displayed at all times. Note that shells fired from different guns will require different flight times, and that in some cases the shell flight time is affected by the currently loaded ammunition on a ship (for example the AP shell of Baltimore flies slower than its HE shell).

Target speed

Determining the speed and direction of the target requires the observation of the target. The easiest way is to watch the smokestacks and the way the smoke is leaving the ship. Beneath is an example picture of a Dallas moving in front of the crosshair. As is visible, the smoke from the smokestacks is curved towards the rear of the ship, or from the observer's perspective to the right. From that it can be concluded that the Dallas is moving forward, or from our viewpoint to the left. In order to hit the Dallas the crosshair must be placed in front of the target.

Important to note is that the own speed during firing has no impact on the accuracy or flight of the shells. No matter if the player is currently sitting perfectly still or maneuvering drastically, the aiming procedure does not change.

Crosshair

As preferences regarding the crosshair and the dependence on it vary depending on each player, there is a set of crosshairs that a player can choose from at any time. Those can be found in the Settings under Controls, and will open a seperate menu demonstrating each crosshair giving the player a chance to evaluate each one before picking. The types of crosshairs available vary depending on how they are laid out, how they scale and in some cases how many lines they provide for aiming.

Accuracy

However perfectly a naval gun on a stationary ship may be laying, successive rounds will not impact on a single point but will fall in a pattern scattered both in deflection and in range. This phenomenon is called dispersion and, irrespective of human and constant error, it is caused by multiple inherent factors: minor variations in the weight of the projectile, differences in the rate of ignition of the propellant, variations in the temperature of the bore from round to round, physical limitations of precision in setting values of deflection and quadrant elevation on the respective scales, minor variations in wind, air density or air pressure, and so on.

Shell dispersion

Observing the position of the surface bursts around our point of aim, we find that they fall into a roughly elliptical area in relation to the line of fire. An ellipse constructed around the dispersion area is called the dispersion ellipse. Every time a player orders his main caliber guns to fire, the game engine constructs a 2-D ellipse around the point of aim, and does so independently for each turret when firing a salvo. A double-click will fire all guns in one salvo and construct separate dispersion ellipses for each turret that overlap at your point of aim, while sequential fire will construct a dispersion ellipse for each turret salvo separately. This ellipse has a certain length and width values, which are dependent on the characteristics of the gun. The dispersion value displayed in port is the horizontal length of the dispersion ellipse at the maximum fire range, i.e. a value that describes the lateral distribution of the shells relative to the player's ship.

Shell impacts within the dispersion ellipse are not uniformly distributed over the surface, but lie more thickly towards the center of aim. The intensity with which the shells fall in different points of the area of dispersion, can be described by a Gaussian (normal) distribution. The in-port value describes dispersion in terms of one probable error, i.e. it gives a value where 50% of the fired shells will land around the point of aim. This has been confirmed by experiments conducted by the players. Port dispersion value (red bar in the graph below) is the standard deviation (green bar) of shell hits across the horizontal axis of the dispersion ellipse:

If the shooting distance is below the maximum range, the horizontal dispersion value decreases accordingly. Horizontal dispersion values at distances other than maximum firing range, as well as the vertical dispersion values have not been made public by WarGaming (though they can be seen on third party tools such as WoWs ShipBuilder). However, based on the user collected data we know lines of tech tree ships are tied to specific formulas to determine horizontal dispersion. The graph below shows the dispersion curves for each ship in the game, followed by its table and the formulas used.

Range in Km (column), Formula (row)	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Maximum value*
Japanese (IJN) BBs	24	48	72	96	120	127	134	142	149	156	163	170	178	185	192	199	206	214	221	228	278
American, British, German, Pan-Am and European BBs	22	44	66	88	110	120	130	140	150	160	170	180	190	200	210	220	230	240	250	260	313
French and Italian BBs ^[1]	23	46	69	92	115	125	135	144	154	164	174	184	193	203	213	223	233	242	252	262	327
Russian BBs ^[2]	19	36	57	74	93	104	116	128	140	152	164	176	188	200	212	223	225	247	259	271	286
Queen Elizabeth, Warspite, Hood, Vanguard and Ohio	21	41	62	92	103	113	123	133	144	154	164	175	185	195	206	216	226	236	247	257	275
Mikasa	31	61	92	100	108	123	131	138	146	154	161	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	161
Slava ^[3]	26	52	78	104	130	135	140	145	150	155	160	165	170	175	180	185	190	195	200	205	229
Taihang	25	50	75	100	125	131	137	142	148	154	160	166	171	177	183	189	195	200	206	212	229
Shikishima, Aki	23	46	69	92	114	121	127	134	140	146	152	158	165	171	177	189	196	196	202	208	251
Graf Spee, HSF Graf Spee and non-IJN Large Cruisers ^[4]	20	41	61	82	90	98	107	115	124	132	140	149	157	166	174	182	191	199	208	216	216
(AL) Azuma (B), Yoshino (B), Tallinn ^[5], Riga ^[5], Petropavlovsk^[5], Novosibirsk ^[5] and PTRPVLSK ^[5]	13	27	40	53	63	72	82	91	101	110	120	129	139	148	158	167	177	186	196	205	215
Heavy/Light Cruisers (CA/CL)	15	30	45	61	68	74	81	88	95	102	109	116	123	130	137	143	150	157	164	171	178
Napoli (B) ^[6]	17	34	51	69	78	86	95	104	113	122	131	140	149	158	167	175	—	—	—	—	175
Destroyers, IJN CAs, Pan-Am CLs	11	23	34	45	53	60	68	75	83	90	98	105	113	120	128	135	143	150	—	—	150
German Spähkreuzers ^[7] and Submarines	7	15	22	29	33	36	40	43	47	50	54	57	61	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	61

dispersion curves table as of Update 15.8

Ship(s)	Formulas
IJN BBs	Range (R) x 7.2 + 84
American, British, German, Pan-Am and European BBs	R x 10 + 60
French and Italian BBs ^[1]	R x 9.8 + 66
Russian BBs^[2]	R x 11.8 + 35
Queen Elizabeth, Warspite, Hood, Vanguard and Ohio	R x 10.3 + 51
Mikasa	R x 7.7 + 69
Slava ^[3]	R x 5 + 105
Taihang	R X 5.8 + 96
Shikishima, Aki	R x 6.2 + 84
Graf Spee, HSF Graf Spee and non-IJN large cruisers^[4]	R x 8.4 + 48
Azuma, Yoshino (B), Tallinn^[5], Riga^[5], Petropavlovsk^[5], Novosibirsk^[5] and PTRPVLSK^[5]	R x 9.5 + 15
Heavy/Light Cruisers (CA/CL)	R x 6.9 + 33
Napoli (B)^[6]	R X 8.9 + 33
Destroyers, IJN CAs and Pan-Am CLs	R x 7.5 + 15
German Spähkreuzers^[7] and Submarines	R X 3.5 + 15
*Bajie	R x 7.2 + 84
*Imperator Nikolai I, Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya, Poltava, Yukon, Teng She, AL Sov. Rossiya, Sov. Rossiya, Navarin, Mahtaga, Louchuan, Xuan Wu, Yimeng, Victoria, Triunfante, Sibir, Willem de Eerste, Kronshtadt and Puerto Rico	R x 10 + 60
*Viribus Unitis, Lugdunum, Wujing	R x 9.8 + 66
*Rodney	R x 11.8 + 35
*Repulse (B), Novorossiysk, Florida, Renown '44, AL Prinz Heinrich, Arkhangelsk, Constellation, Champagne, Borodino, Wahnsinn, Prince of Wales, Marcantonio Colonna, BA Binah, Georgia, Sun Yat-Sen, Illinois, Roussillon, Thunderer, Mecklenburg, Incomparable, Ruggiero di Lauria, Tempesta Nera, Rhode Island (B), Wisconsin (G), Irresitable, Von Zuckerhoff, the Schlieffen line, the Bungo line and the St. Vincent line	R x 8.4 + 48
*Tsurugi	R x 9.5 + 15
*Tennessee, Conte Verde	R x 6.9 + 33
*Schill (B), Siegfried, Van Speijk, Prins van Oranje (G), Sevastopol, Brennus, Amiral Lartigue, Hawaii (G) and Defence	R X 6.9 + 33
*Vicente Guerrero, Córdoba, La Argentina, Nueve de Julio, Almirante Grau, Almirante Irízar and Kushiro	R x 6.9 + 33
*Mogami mounted with the 155 mm guns	R x 6.9 + 33
*Chikuma, Albany, Aurora, Atlanta, Flint, Tulsa, Blücher, Smolensk, Colbert, Svea and Incheon	R x 7.5 + 15
*Tiger '59, Érne, Narai and Ragnar	R X 3.5 + 15

*These sections are exceptions and replicate other dispersion formulas.

Dispersion values are same for HE and AP shells of the same gun. The player's gun dispersion value can be modified by player's equipment. Aiming Systems Modification 1 decreases the area of the shell dispersion ellipse by 7%. Increasing the firing range of a ship, be it through the Spotter Aircraft consumable, Artillery Plotting Room Modification 1, Gun Fire Control System Modification 2, or Combat Instructions that increase the firing range, decreases the vertical dispersion by a small amount. Additionally, WarGaming has indicated that not acquiring the target with the X button increases dispersion by an unspecified amount.

For patch 0.4.1, WG has decreased the close-range (i.e. at and below 3-5 km) dispersion values for all ships. The dispersion formulas in the above table are for ranges greater than 3 km for Mikasa’s formula, greater than 4 km for the cruiser and destroyer formulas, and greater than 5 km for the battleship formulas.

Sigma

Sigma is one of the parameters for gunnery in World of Warships. It describes the tendency of a shell to land closer towards the center of aim, aka the middle of the dispersion ellipse described by 'vertical dispersion' and 'horizontal dispersion'. The higher the Sigma value, the more likely the shells are to land closer to the center.

The graphic below showcases a high sigma (blue) and an average sigma (red) and their respective distribution of shells on the horizontal axis. The dotted line is the normal distribution generated from these results. Note that those values have been gathered by players in training rooms and are thus not 100% accurate, however, they do demonstrate roughly how sigma works.

Sigma parameters are mostly uniform for destroyers and cruisers but vary drastically for the battleships. The following tables are as of Update 15.8. The cruiser table will only give the default sigma values and then list the exceptions. If a ship is not an exception, it will have the default sigma value (e.g. Mogami is not an exception, and will thus have a 2.0 sigma as a Tier VIII cruiser).

Destroyers and submarines of all tiers and nations have a sigma of 2.0.

Sigma values of the cruisers in WoWs
Ship	Sigma
Tier I to Tier VIII cruisers	2.0
Tier IX to Tier XI cruisers	2.05
Atlanta (B), Flint	1.7
St. Louis, Charleston, Cherbourg, Brest, Marseille	1.8
Admiral Graf Spee, HSF Admiral Graf Spee, Toulon	1.9
Smolensk, Colbert	2.0
Congress, San Diego, Cheshire, AL Cheshire, Irian, Ship:Piñatian	2.05
Krasny Krym	2.1
AL Montpelier, Napoli (B), the Prinz Adalbert line	2.15
Puerto Rico	2.2
Stalingrad	2.65

Sigma value of tech-tree battleships

Tier	Ship	Sigma
III	Kawachi	2.1
IV	Myōgi	2.2
V	Kongō	2.0
VI	Fusō	1.5
VII	Nagato	2.0
VIII	Amagi	1.8
VIII	Yumihari	2.2
IX	Izumo	2.0
IX	Adatara	2.1
X	Yamato	2.1
X	Bungo	2.2
XI	Satsuma	2.1
III	South Carolina	2.1
IV	Wyoming	1.7
V	New York	1.9
VI	New Mexico	1.5
VII	Colorado	2.0
VIII	Kansas	1.7
VIII	North Carolina	2.05
VIII	Nebraska	2.0
IX	Minnesota	1.8
IX	Iowa	1.9
IX	Delaware	1.9
X	Vermont	1.95
X	Montana	1.9
X	Louisiana	1.9
XI	Maine	1.7
III	Knyaz Suvorov	1.8
IV	Gangut	1.6
V	Pyotr Velikiy	1.8
VI	Izmail	1.6
VII	Sinop	1.5
VIII	Vladivostok	1.6
IX	Sovetsky Soyuz	1.7
X	Kremlin	1.8
XI	Admiral Ushakov	1.8
III	Von der Tann	1.7
III	Nassau	2.0
IV	Moltke	1.7
IV	Kaiser	2.0
V	Derfflinger	1.7
V	König	1.9
VI	Mackensen	1.6
VI	Bayern	1.8
VII	Prinz Heinrich	1.5
VII	Gneisenau	1.8
VIII	Zieten	1.7
VIII	Bismarck	1.8
IX	Prinz Rupprecht	1.7
IX	Friedrich der Grosse	1.8
X	Schlieffen	1.7
X	Preussen	1.8
XI	Hannover	1.8
III	Indefatigable	2.0
III	Bellerophon	2.0
IV	Queen Mary	1.7
IV	Orion	1.8
V	Tiger	1.7
V	Iron Duke	1.9
VI	Renown	1.8
VI	Queen Elizabeth	2.0
VII	Rooke	1.5
VII	King George V	1.8
VIII	Hawke	1.6
VIII	Monarch	1.85
IX	Duncan	1.6
IX	Lion	1.85
X	St. Vincent	1.6
X	Conqueror	1.8
XI	Devastation	1.7
III	Turenne	2.0
IV	Courbet	2.0
V	Bretagne	2.0
VI	Normandie	1.6
VII	Lyon	1.5
VIII	Richelieu	1.8
IX	Alsace	1.6
X	République	2.1
XI	Patrie	1.8
IV	Dante Alighieri	1.6
V	Conte di Cavour	1.8
VI	Andrea Doria	1.6
VII	Francesco Caracciolo	1.7
VIII	Vittorio Veneto	1.8
IX	Lepanto	1.6
X	Cristoforo Colombo	1.5
XI	Affondatore	1.6
IV	Yavuz Sultan Selim	1.8
V	Tegetthoff	1.7
VI	Laudon	1.6
VII	Chios	1.8
VIII	Enigheten	1.8
IX	Gustav den Store	1.8
X	Thor	1.8
VIII	Ipiranga	1.7
IX	Los Andes	1.7
X	Libertad	1.7

Sigma value of Premium and Special battleships

Tier	Ship	Sigma
II	Mikasa	2.1
IV	Ishizuchi	2.0
V	ARP Haruna, ARP Hiei, ARP Kirishima, ARP Kongō, HSF Hiei	2.0
VI	Ise	2.0
VI	Mutsu	1.8
VII	Ashitaka	1.8
VII	Hyūga	1.7
VIII	Kii	1.7
VIII	Ignis Purgatio, Ragnarok	1.9
IX	Daisen	2.1
IX	Hizen	1.7
IX	Iwami (B)	2.1
IX	Musashi	1.8
IX	Tsurugi	2.05
X	Aki (G)	2.1
X	ARP Yamato	2.1
X	Shikishima	2.1
X	Yamato Kai	2.1
IV	Arkansas Beta	1.5
V	Oklahoma	1.9
V	Texas	1.9
VI	Arizona	1.8
VI	W. Virginia '41	1.8
VII	California	1.9
VII	Florida	1.7
VII	West Virginia '44	1.8
VIII	(AL) Massachusetts (B)	1.7
VIII	Alabama (B) (ST) (VL)	1.9
VIII	Constellation	1.9
VIII	North Carolina CLR, Kheper	2.05
VIII	Tennessee	1.9
IX	(AL) Kearsarge (B)	1.9
IX	Bird Cry	1.9
IX	Georgia	1.8
IX	Illinois	1.8
IX	Indiana	1.9
IX	Missouri	1.9
X	BA Montana	1.9
X	Ohio	2.0
X	Rhode Island (B)	1.7
X	Wisconsin (G)	2.0
IV	Imperator Nikolai I	2.0
V	Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya	1.9
VI	Novorossiysk	1.5
VII	Arkhangelsk	1.9
VII	Poltava	1.7
VIII	Borodino	2.0
VIII	Lenin	1.7
IX	(AL) Sovetskaya Rossiya	1.8
IX	Navarin, Mahtaga	1.4
IX	BA Hovercraft, Zarya Svobody	1.7
X	Slava	1.9
X	Sibir	1.7
III	König Albert	1.8
VI	Prinz Eitel Friedrich	2.0
VII	AL Prinz Heinrich	1.5
VII	Scharnhorst (B)	2.0
VII	Scharnhorst '43	2.0
VIII	AL Bismarck	1.8
VIII	Anhalt	1.7
VIII	(BA) Tirpitz (B)	1.8
VIII	Brandenburg (B)	1.8
VIII	Odin	2.0
VIII	Wahnsinn	1.7
VIII	Bismarck '41, Eiserner Kanzler	2.0
IX	Pommern (B)	1.5
IX	Friedrich Carl	1.8
X	Grosser Kurfürst	1.8
X	Mecklenburg	2.05
X	Von Zuckerhoff	1.7
III	Dreadnought	2.0
V	Agincourt	1.5
VI	Repulse (B)	2.0
VI	Warspite	2.0
VII	Collingwood	2.0
VII	Duke of York, Danu	1.8
VII	Hood	1.9
VII	Nelson	1.9
VII	Renown '44	2.0
VII	Rodney	1.6
VII	Royal Sovereign	1.8
VIII	Vanguard	2.0
VIII	Prince of Wales	1.8
IX	Marlborough (B)	1.45
IX	Scarlet Thunder	1.9
X	Thunderer	1.9
X	Incomparable	2.0
VI	Dunkerque (B)	1.7
VII	Strasbourg	1.8
VIII	Champagne	2.0
VIII	Flandre	1.8
VIII	Gascogne	1.9
VIII	Picardie	1.7
VIII	AL Richelieu	1.8
IX	Jean Bart (B)	1.9
IX	Roussillon	1.7
X	Bourgogne	1.8
V	Giulio Cesare	1.9
VIII	Roma, Roma Aeterna, AL Littorio	1.8
VIII	Marcantonio Colonna, BA Binah	1.7
IX	Giuseppe Verdi, Pilus Posterior	1.7
IX	(AL) Marco Polo, Pilus Prior	1.9
X	Sicilia	1.6
X	Ruggiero di Lauria, Tempesta Nera	1.8
X	Conte Verde	2.05
VII	Teng She	1.6
IX	Bajie	2.1
IX	Louchuan	1.85
IX	Sun Yat-Sen	1.9
IX	Taihang	1.9
IX	Wujing	1.6
IX	Xuan Wu	1.9
IX	Yimeng	1.9
V	Viribus Unitis	1.9
VII	Lugdunum	1.6
VIII	Turgut Reis	2.0
IX	Karl XIV Johan (B)	1.8
IX	Niord	1.9
X	Willem de Eerste	2.1
VII	Yukon	1.9
X	Irresistible	1.8
V	Rio de Janeiro	1.7
VIII	Atlântico	1.8
IX	Valparaíso	1.8
X	Sete de Setembro	2.0
IX	Victoria	2.0
IX	Triunfante	1.8

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 In Update 15.4, all tech-tree Italian BBs received a balance change to their accuracy parameter: now their vertical dispersion becomes significantly worse than their peers past 13 km, and vice versa. Therefore, the actual accuracy will be different than what the table may imply. Noted that Premium and Special Italian BBs are unaffected from this balance change.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 It should be noted that due to the special accuracy formula Russian battleships use, their vertical dispersion becomes significantly worse than their peers past 15 km, and vice versa. Therefore, the actual accuracy will be different than what the table may imply.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Slava also has a unique vertical dispersion formula giving her vastly superior vertical dispersion than her peers across all ranges.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1
Refers to these following ships:
- Tier VI: Deutschland
- Tier VII: Toulon and Admiral Scheer
- Tier VIII: Congress, Cherbourg, Haarlem, Regele Carol I, Knesebeck and Schill (B)
- Tier IX: Admiral Schröder, (AL) Ägir, Mengchong, Alaska (B), (AL) Azuma (B), Brest, Carnot, Johan de Witt, Kronshtadt, Michelangelo, Manteuffel, Le Harve, BA Utnapishtim's Ship, Cambridge and Siegfried
- Tier X: Defence, Hildebrand, Gouden Leeuw, Marseille, Zhuge Liang, Puerto Rico (B), Sevastopol, Stalingrad, Prinz Adalbert, Hawaii (G), Brennus, Amiral Lartigue and Yoshino (B).
↑ ^5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 It should be noted that due to the special accuracy formula Tallinn, Riga, Petropavlovsk and Novosibirsk use, their vertical dispersion becomes significantly worse than their peers past 14 km, and vice versa. Therefore, the actual accuracy will be different than what the table may imply.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 It should be noted that due to the special accuracy formula Napoli (B) uses, her vertical dispersion becomes significantly worse than their peers past 12 km, and vice versa. Therefore, the actual accuracy will be different than what the table may imply.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Refers to the German DD line consisting of Z-31, Gustav-Julius Maerker, Felix Schultz, and Elbing.

[Italian_BBs-1] 1.0 ^1.1 In Update 15.4, all tech-tree Italian BBs received a balance change to their accuracy parameter: now their vertical dispersion becomes significantly worse than their peers past 13 km, and vice versa. Therefore, the actual accuracy will be different than what the table may imply. Noted that Premium and Special Italian BBs are unaffected from this balance change.

[Soviet_BBs-2] 2.0 ^2.1 It should be noted that due to the special accuracy formula Russian battleships use, their vertical dispersion becomes significantly worse than their peers past 15 km, and vice versa. Therefore, the actual accuracy will be different than what the table may imply.

[Slava-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Slava also has a unique vertical dispersion formula giving her vastly superior vertical dispersion than her peers across all ranges.

[large-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Refers to these following ships:

Tier VI: Deutschland

Tier VII: Toulon and Admiral Scheer

Tier VIII: Congress, Cherbourg, Haarlem, Regele Carol I, Knesebeck and Schill (B)

Tier IX: Admiral Schröder, (AL) Ägir, Mengchong, Alaska (B), (AL) Azuma (B), Brest, Carnot, Johan de Witt, Kronshtadt, Michelangelo, Manteuffel, Le Harve, BA Utnapishtim's Ship, Cambridge and Siegfried

Tier X: Defence, Hildebrand, Gouden Leeuw, Marseille, Zhuge Liang, Puerto Rico (B), Sevastopol, Stalingrad, Prinz Adalbert, Hawaii (G), Brennus, Amiral Lartigue and Yoshino (B).

[5] Tier VI: Deutschland

[6] Tier VII: Toulon and Admiral Scheer

[7] Tier VIII: Congress, Cherbourg, Haarlem, Regele Carol I, Knesebeck and Schill (B)

[8] Tier IX: Admiral Schröder, (AL) Ägir, Mengchong, Alaska (B), (AL) Azuma (B), Brest, Carnot, Johan de Witt, Kronshtadt, Michelangelo, Manteuffel, Le Harve, BA Utnapishtim's Ship, Cambridge and Siegfried

[9] Tier X: Defence, Hildebrand, Gouden Leeuw, Marseille, Zhuge Liang, Puerto Rico (B), Sevastopol, Stalingrad, Prinz Adalbert, Hawaii (G), Brennus, Amiral Lartigue and Yoshino (B).

[Soviet_CAs-5] 5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 It should be noted that due to the special accuracy formula Tallinn, Riga, Petropavlovsk and Novosibirsk use, their vertical dispersion becomes significantly worse than their peers past 14 km, and vice versa. Therefore, the actual accuracy will be different than what the table may imply.

[Napoli-6] 6.0 ^6.1 It should be noted that due to the special accuracy formula Napoli (B) uses, her vertical dispersion becomes significantly worse than their peers past 12 km, and vice versa. Therefore, the actual accuracy will be different than what the table may imply.

[Spahkreuzers-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Refers to the German DD line consisting of Z-31, Gustav-Julius Maerker, Felix Schultz, and Elbing.

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[2]

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